Report Finds 25 Countries Continued Oil Supply to Israel During Gaza Offensive

Twenty-five countries supplied Israel with crude oil and refined petroleum products over a two-year period during its military campaign in Gaza, according to a newly updated report by Oil Change International.

The report tracked 323 shipments from 25 countries, delivering nearly 21.2 million tonnes of crude oil and refined fuels to Israel between 1 November 2023 and 1 October 2025.

Of these, 171 shipments carried a total of 17.9 million tonnes of crude oil, with around 70 percent sourced from Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan.

Azeri crude is transported from Azerbaijan to Turkey via the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline.

Although Turkey appears as the country of origin in shipping documents because the pipeline terminates in Ceyhan, the report clarifies that the crude is classified as “Azeri BTC.”

Likewise, Kazakh crude exported through the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) to the Russian Black Sea port of Novorossiysk is often labeled as originating in Russia.

Shipments were also recorded from several African countries, and four shipments were tracked from Brazil.

While data indicates that Brazil’s direct crude exports to Israel dropped sharply in 2025, Brazil’s National Federation of Oil Workers reported that cargoes may have been rerouted to foreign refineries—primarily in Italy.

This decline in Brazilian exports coincided with a notable rise in deliveries to the Sarroch refinery in Sardinia, along with a corresponding increase in refined products sent from that refinery to Israel.

The report further shows that 17 countries delivered 152 shipments totalling nearly 3.3 million tonnes of refined petroleum products during the same period, with 45 percent coming from Russia.

The United States supplied nine shipments carrying 360,000 tonnes of JP-8 jet fuel, a type commonly used by military aircraft, in addition to two diesel shipments from Valero’s Bill Greehey Refinery in Corpus Christi, Texas.

Dr Irene Pietropaoli—author of a legal opinion on state and corporate obligations regarding the conflict in Gaza—stated that, in light of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) interim order, countries must consider whether providing military-related assistance or fuel could place them at risk of complicity in alleged violations under the Genocide Convention.

Her legal opinion also raises the question of whether ongoing fuel exports to Israel may conflict with states’ obligations to comply with the ICJ’s directive to “prevent and punish genocide.”

In September 2025, the UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry urged member states to halt the transfer of arms and related equipment—including jet fuel—to Israel or to any third country where there is reason to believe such items could be used in military operations linked to alleged acts of genocide.